Reference values (RV), MNS and MTS for morphological characteristics of normal and abnormal human spermatozoon describing Teratozoospermic Index (TZI) & Sperm Deformity Index (SDI) in Sudanese infertile couples using CASA System / Valores de referencia (RV), MNS y MTS para las características morfológicas de espermatozoides humanos normales y anormales que describen el Índice Teratozoospérmico (TZI) y el Índice de Deformidad del Esperma (SDI) en parejas infértiles de Sudán que utilizan el sistema CASA

A scientific determination of fertilization ability of the sperm can be made by motility, viability and morphological examinations that are called as potential fertility criteria. Some previous studies documented only the total morphological defect rates without including the morphologic subjects. As it is recorded in many studies, the success of IUI, ICSI and IVF depends mainly on the quality of the collected semen. 1) Determine and classify the common morphological defects and rates of sperms. 2) Analyze the effect of age on the sperm abnormalities and to assess the impact of environment on changing normal sperm characteristics. 3) Determine the common types of semen abnormalities (Asthenoterato-zoospermia, Asthenozoospermia, Azoopyospermia, Azoospermia, Hypospermia, Oligoasthenoteratozoospermia, Oligoasthenozoopyospermia, Oligoasthenozoospermia and Teratozoospermia). 4) Determine the range of teratozoospermic index (TZI) and sperm deformity index (SDI). A prospective case series study for 566 men of infertile couples who were requesting semen analysis was applied to those came to the ULTRALAB laboratory center main campus and ULTRALAB branch of the Sudan Assisted Reproduction Center (SARC), Khartoum, Sudan. Data collection was done for 20 months from April 1st, 2010 to December 31st, 2011. analysis of semen samples was done using Computer Assisted Semen Analysis (CASA). 1) The study demonstrates that there are differences in normality and abnormality of sperm morphology parameters of sperm between Sudanese population and other studies including WHO standards. 2) SDI and TZI were higher in overall semen as well as in abnormal semen samples. 3) Common semen abnormalities were oligoasthenoteratozoospermia, asthenoteratozoospermia and asthenozoospermia. There are differences in sperm morphology of both normal and abnormal parameters between Sudanese population and other studies including WHO standards.

Se realizó una determinación científica de la capacidad de fertilización de los espermatozoides mediante motilidad, viabilidad y exámenes morfológicos denominados criterios de fertilidad potencial. Algunos estudios previos documentan solamente el total de las tasas de defectos morfológicos sin incluir a los sujetos morfológicos. Como se registra en muchos estudios, el éxito de IUI, ICSI y FIV depende principalmente de la calidad del semen recolectado. Los objetivos de este trabajo fueron: 1) Determinar y clasificar los defectos morfológicos comunes y las tasas de espermatozoides; 2) Analizar el efecto de la edad en las anomalías de los espermatozoides y evaluar el impacto del medio ambiente en el cambio de las características normales de los espermatozoides; 3) Determinar los tipos comunes de anomalías en el semen (astenoterato-zoospermia, astenozoospermia, azoopiepermia, azoospermia, hipospermia, oligoastenoteratozoospermia, oligoastenozoopermia, oligoastenozoospermia y teratozoospermia); 4) Determinar el rango del índice teratozoospérmico (TZI) y el índice de deformidad del esperma (IDE). Se realizó un estudio prospectivo de series de casos en 566 hombres, de parejas infértiles, que solicitaban análisis de semen en laboratorios ULTRALAB y la sucursal de ULTRALAB del Centro de Reproducción Asistida de Sudán (SARC), Jartum, Sudán. La recolección de datos se realizó durante 20 meses, desde el 1 de abril de 2010 hasta el 31 de diciembre de 2011. El análisis de las muestras de semen se realizó mediante el análisis de semen asistido por computadora (CASA). Existen diferencias en la normalidad y anormalidad de los parámetros de la morfología de los espermatozoides entre la población sudanesa y otros estudios, incluidas las normas de la Organización Mundial de la Salud. Los parámetros SDI y TZI fueron más altos en el semen general, así como en muestras de semen anormales. Las anomalías comunes del semen fueron oligoastenatoatoospermia, astenoteratozoospermia y astenozoospermia. Existen diferencias en la morfología de los espermatozoides de los parámetros normales y anormales entre la población sudanesa y otros estudios que incluyen las normas de la Organización Mundial de la Salud.

Morfología espermática: comparación de las observaciones realizadas por 10 expertos / Sperm morphology: comparison of observations made by 10 experts

Introducción: La morfología espermática es uno de los parámetros más importantes que se evalúan durante el análisis seminal, aunque es un parámetro que presentan alta variabilidad inter-laboratorios. Por lo tanto el objetivo de este trabajo fue determinar la variación interindividuo al analizar la morfología espermática observada por 10 expertos. Materiales y métodos: En este estudio descriptivo prospectivo se planteo una encuesta de 133 preguntas, cada una presentaba una fotografía de un espermatozoide con el fin de clasificarlo como normal o anormal, y de ser anormal se debía especificar su anormalidad (cabeza, pieza intermedia, cola y/o gota citoplasmática). Esta encuesta se distribuyo a los laboratorios y personal experto en el tema de evaluación seminal, se recolectaron 10 encuestas entre septiembre y agosto de 2016. Resultados: De las 132 fotografías, 23 (17%) representaban células normales, mientras que 109 (83%) representaban espermatozoides con algún tipo de anormalidad. El coeficiente de variación para el numero de aciertos totales fue de 22.4%, para aciertos normales fue de 66% y para los aciertos anormales del 4.5%. La variación para las células normales totales fue de 42.3%, mientras que la variación para los anormales totales fue solo del 6.5%. Conclusión: Aunque la variabilidad entre los observadores es similar a la reportado en otros estudios, es necesario crear redes de cooperación que permitan estandarizar los procedimientos de determinación de la morfología espermática entre los diferentes laboratorios del país.

Introduction: Sperm morphology is one of the most important parameters that are evaluated during the seminal analysis, although it is a parameter that presents high inter-laboratory variability. Therefore the objective of this study was to determine the interindividual variation when analyzing the sperm morphology observed by 10 experts. Material and Methods: In this prospective descriptive study a survey of 133 questions was presented, each photograph show of a spermatozoon in order to classify it as normal or abnormal, and if abnormal, its abnormality (head, intermediate piece, tail and/or cytoplasmic droplet). This survey was distributed to laboratories and experts in the subject of seminal evaluation, 10 surveys were collected between September and August 2016. Results: Of the 132 photographs, 23 (17%) represented normal sperm, while 109 (83%) represented spermatozoa with some type of abnormality. The coefficient of variation for the number of total hits was 22.4%, for normal hits was 66% and for abnormal hits of 4.5%. The variation for the total normal cells was 42.3%, while the variation for the total abnormal cells was only 6.5%. Conclusion: Although the variability among observers is similar to that reported in other studies, it is necessary to create cooperation networks that allow standardization of the procedures for determining the sperm morphology between the different laboratories in the country.

Leucocitos seminales y calidad espermática de hombres en estudio de infertilidad / Seminal leukocytes and sperm quality in men involved in infertility study

Introducción: los leucocitos en exceso en el semen humano pueden estar asociados a la disminución de la calidad espermática. La elevada incidencia de leucocitos en el semen de hombres que acuden a nuestro servicio, pudiera estar vinculada al deterioro de las variables de calidad espermática, y vincularse con problemas de infertilidad masculina. Objetivo: determinar la frecuencia de leucocitospermia en el semen de hombres que consultan por infertilidad, e identificar si existe asociación entre la presencia de leucocitospermia y alteraciones en las variables de calidad del semen. Métodos: se realizó un estudio descriptivo transversal, en el cual se incluyeron 136 hombres, con edades entre 20 y 45 años, que acudieron al examen de calidad del semen, procedentes de las consultas de atención a parejas en estudio de infertilidad, del Instituto Nacional de Endocrinología, en La Habana, y que no refirieron síntomas de infección genitourinaria clínicamente activa, ni causas demostrables que afectaran la calidad seminal. El análisis del semen, para determinar las variables seminales, se realizó siguiendo los lineamientos de la OMS, incluyendo la técnica de peroxidasa para determinar la concentración de leucocitos seminales. Se consideraron los aspectos éticos en la investigación y los resultados se analizaron mediante la aplicación de la prueba de chi cuadrado. Un valor de p< 0,05 se consideró estadísticamente significativo. Resultados: de las 136 muestras de semen evaluadas, se encontraron leucocitospermia en 31 (22,7 por ciento). Todos los indicadores de calidad seminal fueron menores en presencia de leucocitospermia, aunque solo se obtuvo una diferencia significativa en relación con la concentración espermática (p< 0,05). Conclusiones: la frecuencia de leucocitospermia en la muestra estudiada es prevalente y asociada con un deterioro estadísticamente significativo de la concentración espermática(AU)

Introduction: excessive amount of leukocytes in the human semen can be related to lower sperm quality. The high incidence of leukocytes in semen from males who went to our service could be linked to deterioration of the sperm quality variables and to male infertility problems. Objective: to determine the frequency of leukocytospermia in the semen of men who visited our infertility service and to identify the possible association between the leukocytospermia and altered quality variables of semen. Methods: a cross-sectional and descriptive study of 136 men aged 20 to 45 years, who were performed the semen quality exam and came from the service provided to couples under infertility study in the National Institute of Endocrinology in Havana. These men had not stated any symptom of clinically active urogenital infection and no proven causes that might affect the semen quality. The semen analysis to determine the seminal variables complied with the WHO guidelines including the peroxidase technique to estimate the seminal leukocyte concentrations. The ethical aspects of research were respected whereas the Chi-square test served to analyze the results; the p< 0.05 was considered as statistically significant. Results: of 136 evaluated semen samples, leukocytospermia was found in 31 (22.7 percent). All the seminal quality indicators were lower in leukocytospermia, although the significant difference was only found in the sperm concentration (p< 0.05). Conclusions: the frequency of leukocytospermia in the studied sample is prevalent and associated to statistically significant deterioration of the sperm concentration(AU)

Pregnancy and birth after intracytoplasmic sperm injection with normal testicular spermatozoa in a patient with azoospermia and tail stump epididymal sperm

Main findings: An intriguing yet perplexing case report of a successful pregnancy and live birth with intracytoplasmic sperm injection using normal testicular sperm, after the finding of azoospermia in the semen analysis and discovering only tail stump abnormal sperm in the epididymis. Case hypothesis: A tail stump sperm defect of genetic origin was suspected. However, after obtaining normal testicular sperm we concluded that obstructive azoospermia, either idiopathic or secondary to multiple minor genital trauma was the plausible scenario. This has rendered the search of previous reports on a similar condition, but none was found. However, it has raised scientific thoughts for future research. Promising future implications: The importance of reporting this case is to alert urologists performing sperm retrieval that healthy and morphologically normal sperm may be found in the testis of azoospermic men with 100% tail stump epididymal sperm. Retrieval of normal testicular sperm obviates the need of a more complex investigation, including sperm electron microscopy. It also offers the possibility of utilizing such gametes for sperm injections rather than abnormal tail stump sperm that may be associated with a poor reproductive outcome.

Possible protective effect of Moringa oleifera leaf extract on dexamethasone induced histological changes in adlt rat testes

Dexamethasone [Dex] is a widely used therapeutic agent for its immunosuppressive and anti-inflammatory action. It has adverse effects on many body organs and systems. Moringa oleifera is an antioxidant-rich natural plant. It contains vitamins C and A, and various phenolic compounds. The present study was designed to evaluate the ability of M. oleifera leaf extract to protect rat testis against Dex-induced spermatogenic defects. Thirty adult male rats were divided equally into three groups [10 animals each]: the control group [group I] and two experimental groups [groups II and III]. Rats of group II were subjected to intraperitoneal injection of 7mg/kg/day of Dex for 10 days. In group III the rats were treated with M. oleifera leaf extract at 400mg/kg/day, and then after 2h they were administered an intraperitoneal injection of Dex with the same dose as for group II for 10 days. The testes were dissected out and processed for light and electron microscope examination. Microscopic examination revealed that most of the seminiferous tubules of group II were lined with germ cells with dark pyknotic nuclei and vacuolated cytoplasm. The lumen of some tubules was obliterated with exfoliated and sometimes multinucleated giant cells. There was statistically highly significant increase in the percentage of sperm abnormality. Degenerated interstitial Leydig cells were also observed. However, in the moringa-treated group, the histological changes were reduced and the percentage of sperm abnormality was more or less similar to that of the control group. These results demonstrated that M. oleifera leaf extract has a potent protective effect against the testicular toxicity induced by Dex and hence might be clinically useful

Alteraciones morfológicas de espermatozoides humanos por microscopía electrónica de barrido / Morphological alterations of human spermatozoa detected by scanning electron microscopy

Introducción: las alteraciones morfológicas en los espermatozoides humanos con frecuencia son responsables de la infertilidad masculina. En determinados casos, muchas anormalidades no se observan en los estudios de morfología realizados en los espermogramas de rutina por microscopía óptica convencional, por lo que es necesario recurrir a técnicas alternativas que permitan visualizar con mejor precisión los detalles morfológicos. Objetivo: identificar anormalidades morfológicas mediante microscopía electrónica de barrido, en espermatozoides de hombres que consultan por infertilidad, los cuales fueron reportados como morfológicamente normales por microscopia óptica. Métodos: se utilizaron 140 muestras de semen de hombres con edades entre 20 y 45 años, procedentes de las consultas de infertilidad del Instituto Nacional de Endocrinología. Se realizó el espermograma a las muestras colectadas por masturbación, según criterio de OMS, y se seleccionaron espermatozoides de las muestras con 30 por ciento o más de morfología normal determinadas por microscopía óptica, para el estudio morfológico por microscopía electrónica de barrido. Resultados: de las 140 muestras utilizadas en el estudio, 119 resultaron morfológicamente normales por microscopía óptica. De estas últimas, se encontraron alteraciones morfológicas por microscopía electrónica de barrido en 79 (66,4 por ciento), en relación con 40 (33,6 por ciento) que no mostraron. Las alteraciones espermáticas que predominaron fueron las correspondientes a colas pequeñas y enrolladas, pieza media doblada, cabezas grandes, amorfas y elongadas, con algunos cambios en la estructura acrosomal, así como espermatozoides con cabeza de punta. Las alteraciones de cola aparecen tanto aisladas como mixtas en 47 (59,4 por ciento) de las 79 muestras. Conclusiones: mediante la microscopía electrónica de barrido fue posible identificar anormalidades morfológicas en espermatozoides de hombres que consultan por infertilidad, los cuales fueron reportados como morfológicamente normales por microscopia óptica(AU)

Introduction: morphological alterations of human spermatozoa are a common cause of infertility. Many abnormalities in certain cases are not observed in the morphological studies conducted in the routine spermograms based on the conventional optic microscopy; therefore, it is necessary to resort to alternative techniques that visualize morphological details with more precision. Objective: to identify morphological spermatozoa abnormalities through scanning electron microscopy in patients who were treated in the infertility service and whose spermatozoa had been morphologically reported as normal in the optic microscopy exam. Methods: one hundred forty semen samples taken from men aged 20 to 40 years, who were treated at the infertility service of the National Institute of Endocrinology. According to WHO criteria, the collected samples after masturbation were subjected to spermograms and those spermatozoa from the samples with 30 percent or over of their morphology being normal, according to the optic microscopy results, were selected for the scanning electron microscopy study. Results: of the 140 study samples, 119 were found morphologically normal in the optical miscroscopy. Out of the latter, 79 (66.4 percent) were found to have morphological alterations in the scanning electron microscopy results, and 40 (33.6 percent) were not. Predominant spermatic alterations were short and coiled tails, folded middle piece, big amorphous and elongated heads with some changes in their acrosomal structure as well as pointy-head spermatozoa. Both mixed and isolated tail alterations appeared in 47 (59.4 percent) of the 79 samples. Conclusions: through the scanning electron microscopy, it was possible to identify morphological anomalies in the spermatozoa from men who went to the infertility service. These spermatozoa had been reported as morphologically normal in the optical microscopy exam(AU)

No CAG repeat expansion of polymerase gamma is associated with male infertility in Tamil Nadu, South India.

Mitochondria contains a single deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) polymerase, polymerase gamma (POLG) mapped to long arm of chromosome 15 (15q25), responsible for replication and repair of mitochondrial DNA. Exon 1 of the human POLG contains CAG trinucleotide repeat, which codes for polyglutamate. Ten copies of CAG repeat were found to be uniformly high (0.88) in different ethnic groups and considered as the common allele, whereas the mutant alleles (not -10/not -10 CAG repeats) were found to be associated with oligospermia/oligoasthenospermia in male infertility. Recent data suggested the implication of POLG CAG repeat expansion in infertility, but are debated. The aim of our study was to explore whether the not -10/not -10 variant is associated with spermatogenic failure. As few study on Indian population have been conducted so far to support this view, we investigated the distribution of the POLG CAG repeats in 61 infertile men and 60 normozoospermic control Indian men of Tamil Nadu, from the same ethnic background. This analysis interestingly revealed that the homozygous wild type genotype (10/- 10) was common in infertile men (77% - 47/61) and in normozoospermic control men (71.7% - 43/60). Our study failed to confirm any influence of the POLG gene polymorphism on the efficiency of the spermatogenesis.

Sperm morphological and morphometric evaluation in captive collared peccaries (Pecari tajacu) / Avaliação morfológica e morfométrica de espermatozoides de catetos (Pecari tajacu)

The aim of this study was to compare different staining methods for the evaluation of sperm morphology by light microscopy and also to describe the morphometry of the entire sperm in collared peccaries (Pecari tajacu). Semen from 10 males was obtained by electroejaculation and evaluated for sperm motility, vigor, and concentration. Semen smears were prepared through three different staining methods: Bengal rose, brome-phenol blue, and eosin-nigrosin. Smears were evaluated under light microscopy and sperm morphologic alterations were determined in percentage. In addition, sperm morphometric analysis was conducted by light microscopy coupled to image analyzer software. The smears stained with Bengal Rose provide the best results for the visualization of the sperm tail, midpiece, and head. The use of eosin-nigrosin stain did not allow an adequate impregnation, and some sperm presented a few contrasts with the background. A higher incidence of bent coiled tails was verified in the use of brome-phenol blue staining (P<0.05). Through morphometric evaluation, it was observed that the tail occupies the greatest proportion (89%) of the sperm which presents a discretely elongated head. According to the results, the use of the Bengal Rose stain is recommended for the morphologic evaluation of the collared peccary sperm.

O objetivo deste estudo foi comparar diferentes métodos de coloração para avaliação da morfologia espermática por microscopia de luz e também descrever a morfometria completa de espermatozoides de catetos (Pecari tajacu). Sêmen de 10 machos foi obtido por eletroejaculação e avaliado quanto à motilidade espermática, vigor e concentração. Foram preparados por três diferentes métodos de coloração: Rosa de Bengala, Azul de Bromofenol e Eosina-Nigrosina. Os esfregaços foram avaliados por microscopia de luz, e determinado o percentual das alterações morfológicas. Ainda, a análise da morfometria espermática foi realizada por microscópio de luz acoplado a um softwere de análise de imagens. Os esfregaços corados com Rosa de Bengala apresentaram melhores resultados de visualização da cauda, peça intermediária e cabeça dos espermatozoides. O uso do corante Eosina-Nigrosina não permitiu uma adequada impregnação e alguns dos espermatozoides apresentaram pouco contraste com o fundo da lâmina. Uma maior incidência de cauda fortemente enrolada foi verificada com o uso do corante Azul de Bromofenol (P<0.05). Através da avaliação morfométrica foi observada que a cauda ocupa a maior proporção (89%) do espermatozoide, e a cabeça apresenta-se discretamente alongada. De acordo com os resultados, o uso do corante Rosa de Bengala é recomendado para a avaliação morfológica de espermatozoides de catetos.

Sexual dysfunction and sperms abnormalities in individuals suffering from diabetes mellitus

This paper aims to put light on sexual dysfunction [disorder] and sperms abnormalities in individuals suffering from diabetes mellitus and also to reveal the relationship of sexual dysfunction with diabetes mellitus, both type-1 and type-2, in diabetic patients. This paper also describes and enlightens the complications developed in such individuals who are first diabetic and then become vulnerable to sexual dysfunction

Spermatic abnormalities of piracanjuba Brycon orbignyanus (Valenciennes, 1849) after cryopreservation / Anormalidades espermáticas de piracanjuba Brycon orbignyanus (Valenciennes, 1849) após a criopreservação

The objective of this research was to verify the presence of spermatic abnormalities on semen of Brycon orbignyanus after cryopreservation. Semen was collected from ten four-year-old males who presented secondary reproductive characteristics for migrating fish. Sperm was evaluated for motility, vigor and spermatic morphology before and after cryopreservation. A cryoprotectant solution was made of 20 mL of yolk egg, 5.0 g of glucose and dimethyl sulfoxide diluted in distilled water (10 mL: 90 mL). The diluted semen (1:3, semen:solution) was submitted to nitrogen steam for 24 hours and then to liquid nitrogen (-196 ºC) for 60 days. Cryopreservation decreased the percentage of normal spermatozoa from 62.20 percent to 54.60 percent. Consequently, the percentage of spermatozoa with secondary abnormalities increased from 8.50 percent to 15.00 percent. However, there was no difference in primary abnormalities. Both spermatic motility and vigor were decreased in cryopreserved semen compared with fresh semen. In conclusion, cryopreservation of semen of B. orbignyanus increased the percentage of secondary abnormalities and decreased the spermatic motility and vigor.

O objetivo deste trabalho foi verificar a presença de anormalidades espermáticas no sêmen de Brycon orbignyanus após a criopreservação. Dez machos com quatro anos de idade e que apresentavam características reprodutivas secundárias para peixes migradores tiveram o sêmen coletado. O sêmen foi avaliado através da motilidade, vigor e morfologia espermática antes e após a criopreservação. A solução crioprotetora continha 20 mL de gema de ovo, 5,0 g de glicose e dimetil sulfóxido diluído em água destilada (10 mL: 90 mL). O sêmen diluído (1:3, sêmen:solução) foi submetido ao vapor de nitrogênio por 24 horas e então ao nitrogênio líquido (-196 ºC) por 60 dias. A criopreservação reduziu o percentual de espermatozoides normais de 62,20 por cento para 54,60 por cento. Consequentemente, o percentual de espermatozoides com anormalidades secundárias aumentou de 8,50 por cento para 15,00 por cento. Porém, não foi observada diferença nas anormalidades primárias no sêmen "in natura" e pós-criopreservação. Ambos motilidade e vigor espermático foram inferiores aos observados no sêmen "in natura". Conclui-se que a criopreservação do sêmen de B. orbignyanus aumentou o percentual de anormalidades secundárias e reduziu a motilidade e o vigor espermático.

Effect of titanium dioxide [TiO2] as a color additive on the testes, sperms and chromosomes of male albino rats

Titanium dioxide [TiO2] is one of the top 50 produced substances for use around the world. 70% of all [TiO2] produced is used as pigment in consumer products such as plastics, health, beauty aids and other personal care product that we use. Toothpaste products use [TiO2] to get that desirable bright white color as do many other products such as lotions, creams, shave foam, cosmetics, sunscreen lotions and more. Food products such as sour cream, cottage cheese [via the cheese dressing] ice cream and other dairy products use a small quantity of the pigment to attain that familiar brightwhite coloration. The aim of this study was to evaluate the histopathological effect of 1/20 of LD50 of [Ti02] on the testes, sperms and chromosomes of albino rats and its relation to the duration of its adminstration. Forty male albino rats had been divided into four groups, ten rats for each. The first was served as a control group, the second was gavaged by [TiO2] 600mg/kg daily for 4weeks. The third was gavaged with same dose of [TiO2] for 8 weeks and the forth group was gavaged by same dose of [Ti02] for 12 weeks. Each rat's group were sacrificed after each duration, testes specimens were taken and stained with Haematoxylin and Eosin. The sperms were examined for number, viability, motility and shape abnormalities. For chromosomal study, rats from each group were anaesthetized and the bone marrow cells were obtained by Rabello-Gay and Ahmed method. Microscopic examination of the testicular specimens, revealed disorganized germinal epithelium with abnormal mitotic figures and apoptotic cells. Sperm analysis showed that sperm count, viability and motility were decreased and the sperm anomalies were increased. Chromosomal analysis of bone marrow cells showed many aberrations as, chromatid deletions, ring chromosomes, chromosomal gaps, dicentric chromosomes, clumping of the chromosomes and polyploidy. All the former revealed that the histopathological changes and abnormalities caused by [TiO2] had been aggravated by prolonged duration of administration

Influence of acacia nilotica on Arsenic induced genotoxicity in male and female mice

For centuries, plants have been used in traditional medicine and there has been recent interest in the chemopreventive properties of compounds derived from plants. In the present study, we investigated the effects of extracts of Acacia nilotica leaves on the genotoxicity of arsinic. Arsenic contamination in groundwater a global human health hazard .There is no effective remedial action of chronic arsenicsis. However, a well-nourished diet can modulate the onset of adverse health effects and delayed the effect of arsenic in drinking water. In the present work, genotoxic effects were induced by sodium arsenate through oral administration,and the protective effect of Acacia nilotica was studied. Chromosomal aberrations were more pronounced in sodium arsenate treated mice, while supplementation of Acacia nilotica with sodium arsenate reduced the incidence of the aberrations. The mean of DNA fragmentation induced by sodium arsenate was highly significant increase. However, the administration of Acacia nilotica significantly decreased DNA fragmentation induced by sodium arsenate. The mean number of sperms, were decreased significantly after treatment with sodium arsenate, while administration of Acacia nilotica increased the number of sperm in mice treated with sodium arsenate, and also decreased the percentage of sperm abnormalities induced by sodium arsenate. The outcome of study showed that Acacia nilotica has the efficiency to encounter the genotoxic effects induced by arsenic

Características reprodutivas de veado-bororó-do-sul ou veado-mão-curta (Mazama nana) / Reproductive characteristics of Brazilian dwarf brocket deer (Mazama nana)

Dos cervídeos brasileiros, a espécie Mazama nana é a menos conhecida. Os parâmetros reprodutivos para os machos ainda são desconhecidos, mas parece que não apresentam sazonalidade reprodutiva. Neste trabalho foram utilizados nove machos de Mazama nana em idade reprodutiva, mantidos em cativeiro. Foram avaliados quanto ao peso corporal, altura de cernelha, comprimento crânio-caudal, situação dos chifres, volume e consistência testicular. O sêmen foi colhido por eletroejaculação e submetido a análises de motilidade, vigor e morfologia espermática. As correlações entre idade, peso, comprimento crânio-caudal, altura de cernelha, volume testicular e características do ejaculado (volume, motilidade, vigor e concentração do sêmen) foram avaliadas pelo procedimento Corr., do SAS®. As médias ± desvio padrão observados para peso (kg), comprimento crânio-caudal (cm) e altura de cernelha (cm) foram: 15,72±1,98, 74,9±3,05 e 48,5±2,06, respectivamente. Em relação aos parâmetros reprodutivos primários foram observados: volume do ejaculado (91,46±68,24µl); motilidade (70±8,16 por cento); vigor (3,0±0,67); concentração espermática (1536x10(6) ±351x10(6) espermatozóides por ml). Em relação à morfologia espermática, foi observada uma alta porcentagem de células anormais (40,90 por cento), sendo predominante os defeitos de cauda (25,95 por cento).

Mazama nana is the least known of Brazilian deer species. The male reproductive parameters are still unknown, but apparently they did not show reproductive seasonality. In this work were used nine males of M. nana in reproductive age, kept in captivity. They were assessed for weight, height of wither, crown-rump length, the situation of horns, testicular volume and consistency. The sperm was collected by electro-ejaculation and subjected to analyses of motility, vigor and morphology. The correlation between age, weight, height of wither, crown-rump length, testicular volume and characteristics of the ejaculate (volume, motility, vigor and sperm concentration) were evaluated by the procedure Corr., of SAS®. The mean ± standard deviation observed for weight (kg), crown-rump length (cm) and height of wither (cm) were: 15.72±1.98, 74.9±3.05, and 48.5±2.06 respectively. For primary reproductive parameters were observed: volume of ejaculate (91.46±68.24ìl); motility (70±8.16 percent); vigor (3.0±0.67); sperm concentration (1536x10(6) ±351x10(6) spermatozoa per ml). For sperm morphology was found a high percentage of abnormal cells (40.90 percent), with predominant defects in the tail (25.95 percent).

Semen analysis of infertile Sudanese males in Gezira state central Sudan

The aim of this study is to determine the major causes of infertility in Sudanese males based on the clinical and laboratory findings. The sample of 194 Sudanese males attending Gezira Hospital for Renal Diseases and Surgery, aged between 21-85 years were collected and analyzed. The method of masturbation after 3-5 days prior abstinence from sex before sample collection was applied. The samples were examined for semen volume, and microscopically as wet preparation for sperm motility, morphology and count. Of these men, 532% were primary infertile, while 46.8% were secondary infertile. The semen volume results showed that 89.7% were normal. In: the sperm morphology, 65.9% showed abnormal morphology. Azoospermia was present In 72 patients [37.1%], 13.4% had oligazospermia. This study reveals the main contribution of spernts abnormal morphology to infertility and it is important to abstain from sexual intercourse some days before collection of semen for analysis

Qualitative parameters of the piapara semen (Leporinus elongatus Valenciennes, 1850) / Parâmetros qualitativos do sêmen de piapara (Leporinus elongatus Valenciennes, 1850)

Qualitative parameters of piapara semen (Leporinus elongatus) were evaluated before and after hormonal induction with carp pituitary extract at 2.5 mg.kg-1 of live weight. The progressive motility, the spermatic vigor and the lifetime of the spermatozoa were higher before the hormonal induction (P > 0.05). The percentage of normal spermatozoa and spermatozoa with secondary pathologies did not differ (P > 0.05) between treatments: before induction (44.0 and 44.4 percent, respectively) and after-induction (44.3 and 46.7 percent, respectively). However, the percentage of primary pathologies was higher (P < 0.05) for the semen collected before induction than for the semen collected after induction; the estimates were 12.2 and 8.0 percent, respectively. The most frequent pathologies were the taillessness with the frequencies of 27.4 and 36.3 percent followed by the headlessness for which the estimates were 10.1 and 3.9 percent, before and after induction respectively. The semen collected before the hormonal induction presented better qualitative parameters.

Os parâmetros qualitativos do sêmen de piaparas (Leporinus elongatus) foram avaliados antes e após a indução hormonal com o extrato de hipófise de carpa na dosagem 2,5 mg.kg-1 de peso vivo. A motilidade progressiva, o vigor espermático e o tempo de vida dos espermatozóides apresentaram valores superiores (P < 0,05) no sêmen coletado antes da indução hormonal. Já a estimativa da porcentagem de espermatozóides normais ou com patologias leves, na pré-indução (44,0 e 44,4 por cento, respectivamente) e na pós-indução hormonal (44,3 e 46,7 por cento, respectivamente) não diferiram (P > 0,05) entre os tratamentos. Porém a estimativa de patologias graves foi maior (P < 0,05) no sêmen de pré-indução do que no pós-induzido com 12,2 e 8 por cento, respectivamente. A patologia mais freqüente foi cabeça solta com 27,4 e 36,3 por cento seguida por cauda solta com 10,1 e 3,9 por cento, antes e após a indução hormonal respectivamente. De acordo com os resultados, o sêmen de piapara coletado na pré-indução hormonal apresentou os melhores parâmetros qualitativos.

Effect of experimentally induced ischemic-reperfusion on the testis and the possible protective role of L-carnitine in the adult albino rat; histological, histochemical and immunohistochemical study

Ischemic-reperfusion [I/R] injury is a possible cause of testicular damage and infertility after testicular torsion. L-carnitine is a naturally occurring compound widely distributed in all cells and plays a pivotal role in spermatogenesis. Was to study the effect of I/R injury on the structure of testis on the same side with or without L-carnitine. 25 adult albino rats were divided into group I [control], group II [left spermatic cord was clamped for 60 min [I/R]] and group III [each animal received 500 mg/kg L-carnitine i.p. 30 min before reperfusion]. All animals were scarified after 4 weeks and the testes were processed for histological, histochemical and immunohistochemical studies for Bcl-X and testosterone Ab-1. Furthermore, statistical analysis for percentage of sperms abnormalities was examined in smears from the head of the epididymis. I/R injury induced severe affection of the spermatogenic cells and changes in the Leydig cells activity. The changes were improved in animals that received L-carnitine [Group III]. The spermatogenic and interstitial cells in this group appeared more or less as these of the control. The Bcl-X protein was apparently increased in I/R group and reduced in group III while the testosterone Ab-1 was increased in some cells of groups II and preserved in group III. I/R resulted in a significant increase in the frequencies of abnormal sperm while L-carnitine improved this lesion. L-carnitine pretreatment appeared to have a protective effect in experimental testicular I/R model in rats by its antioxidant and antiapoptic properties

Aspects ultrastructuraux des anomalies du spermatozoide

L'oligo-astheno-teratozoospermie etant frequemment observee (44;1) chez les sujets masculins des couples hypofeconds explores; nous l'avons l'etudiee sur le plan ultra- structural. Nos investigations ont montre; qu'outre les anomalies morphologiques et fonctionnelles; les gametes de tels spermes presentaient egalement de graves desor- dres ultrastructuraux qui seraient determinants dans l'echec de la reproduction des couples concernes. Cependant en l'absence de traitement codifie et specifique pour la plupart des anomalies retrouvees dans les spermes et devant le cout eleve de l'analyse ultrastructurale; nous proposons de limiter cet examen a des cas precis de sterilite conjugale selectionnes par l'intermediaire des bilans de routine

Testosterone production and spermatogenic damage induced byorganophosphorate pesticides

Parathion is an organophosphorate pesticide amply used in agriculture. Many alterations induced by organophosphorate pesticides have been described, such as: cytogenetic alterations in germinal cells, oligozoospermia and teratozoospermia in the mouse. The effect of Parathion, both pure (PP) and commercial (PC), on mouse interstitial cell testosterone production was evaluated in vivo and in vitro. Male mice were intraperitoneally injected with a single dose of 1/3 LD50 of Parathion, both PP and PC. The animals were sacrificed at 1, 8 and 40 days post injection to evaluate the impact of disrupting testosterone production on spermatogonia, spermatocytes and elongated spermatids. The plasma testosterone was assayed by standard radioimmunoanalysis. The same method was used to assay testosterone in the culture medium of interstitial cells obtained from the control and Parathion treated animals at the same time intervals. Sperm count, sperm teratozoospermia and tubular blockage were analyzed for an appraisal of spermatogenesis. Increase in the teratozoospermia and tubular blockage was detected in the PP and PC group at 8 and 40 days post injection. Plasma testosterone levels drop significantly at 8 days and recovered slowly at 40 days only in PP animals as detected in vivo, implying interference of testicular steroidogenesis due to the toxicant. Recuperation of normality occurs at long time intervals. In conclusion, Parathion disturbs the synthesis of testosterone in mice affecting qualitatively the spermatogenesis.

Smoking increases dna damage in male infertile patients in Egypt

Environmental factors, have been shown to have a deleterious effect on spermatogenesis. Cigarette smoking is a major source of environmental pollution. Many studies have suggested that cigarette smoking is associated with altered semen quality, but conclusions about the extent of the deleterious effects vary widely. Sperm nuclear chromatin abnormalities /DNA damage could occur at the time of, or be the result of, DNA packing at spermatogenesis. Environmental stress, gene mutations, and chromosomal abnormalities can disturb the highly refined biochemical events that occur during spermatogenesis. This can ultimately lead to an abnormal chromatin structure that is incompatible with fertility. However, the exact mechanism by which chromatin abnormalities/DNA damage arise in human spermatozoa are not precisely understood. We have conducted a study on 50 infertile males, of whom 25 are smokers, to assess the degree of sperm DNA damage using the COMET assay and correlate our findings with other semen parameters. Conclusion: In the present study, the percentage of severe DNA fragmentation was significantly higher in smoker infertile group compared to no smokers and control groups

Morphometric features and chromatin condensation abnormalities evaluated by toluidine blue staining in bull spermatozoa

In this article, we investigated the correlation between the morphometric features of sperm heads and abnormalities in chromatin condensation using computational image analysis of sperm smears stained with toluidine blue. The chromatin structure was characterized in terms of the average gray-level intensity and the corresponding coefficient variation based on images of the head. The geometry of the sperm heads was determined based on several morphometric measurements, including the area, perimeter, width, length, width: length ratio, ellipticity, shape factor, Fourier descriptor and symmetry. The correlation between the chromatin structure and the geometrical properties was evaluated. The correlation coefficients between the morphometric features and chromatin alterations varied substantially from sample to sample, although a normal morphology was found in heads with or without abnormalities in chromatin condensation. Variations in the abnormalities in chromatin condensation influenced the head morphology in different ways. The finding that spermatozoa with chromatin abnormalities did not necessarily show morphological alterations demonstrates the need for the morphological analysis of sperm to be followed by an evaluation of chromatin structure.